How to prevent tearing while creating polygons with holes in ggplot2?

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There are a few ways to prevent tearing while creating polygons with holes in ggplot2:

1. Use the fortify() function to convert the data frame for your polygon(s) into a format that ggplot2 understands. This can help to prevent overlapping or missing edges.

2. Use the geom_polygon() function to create the polygons and set the fill color to NA. This will create the outlines of the polygons without filling them in.

3. Use the ggforce package to create polygons with holes. This package includes the geom_polygonh() function which allows you to specify the coordinates for both the outer and inner polygons.

4. Use the sf package to create polygons with holes. This package includes the st_polygon() function which allows you to specify the coordinates for both the outer and inner polygons.