How can the TypeError "Expected bytes, got an 'int' object" be resolved for the Pandas to_gbq() function?

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This error occurs when you pass an integer value where the to_gbq() function expects a byte string value. To resolve this error, you need to convert the integer value to a byte string using the str.encode() method.

For example:

import pandas as pd

# create a DataFrame
df = pd.DataFrame({
   'Name': ['Alice', 'Bob', 'Charlie'],
   'Age': [25, 30, 35]
})

# create a connection to your Google Cloud Platform project
from google.oauth2 import service_account

credentials = service_account.Credentials.from_service_account_file(
    'path/to/service_account.json'
)

# convert integer to byte string
project_id = 'my-project-id'
project_id_bytes = str(project_id).encode('utf-8')

# upload DataFrame to BigQuery table
table_name = 'my_table_name'
pd.to_gbq(df, table_name, project_id_bytes, if_exists='replace', credentials=credentials)

In this example, the project_id is first converted to a byte string using the .encode() method. This byte string is then passed to the to_gbq() function as the project_id parameter.