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The "Assertion failed" error message in the cv::cvtColor function of OpenCV 4.5.2 typically indicates that the input image format or color space is incorrect, or that the function was called with incorrect parameters. This error message is generated by OpenCV when a condition specified in the source code is not met, indicating that the function cannot continue processing the input image. The most common reasons why the cv::cvtColor function might generate this error message include passing an image with an unsupported color space, passing an empty or uninitialized image, or passing an image with dimensions that do not match the expected input size. To resolve this error message, you should ensure that your input image is properly formatted and that all parameters passed to the cv::cvtColor function are correct.