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A file can be transferred through UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) by sending it in small packets or blocks of data called frames. Each frame should include a header, data payload, and a checksum or error control code to ensure data integrity. The receiver should acknowledge each received frame, and if an error is detected, the sender should retransmit the frame. Additionally, a protocol should be agreed upon by both the sender and receiver to ensure they understand how to interpret each frame and what actions to take during certain scenarios. It is also important to consider factors such as baud rate, flow control, and data format to ensure successful transmission of the file.