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On Windows systems, file permissions for Git are determined by two factors: the permission attributes of the Git repository itself and the permission attributes of the individual files within the repository.

The permission attributes of the Git repository are set during the initial setup of the repository and cannot be modified later. These attributes specify the default permission settings for all files within the repository, including read, write, and execute permissions. By default, when a new Git repository is created on Windows, all files within the repository are given full read and write permissions.

The permission attributes of individual files within the repository can be modified using the standard file permission settings available in Windows. This allows users to restrict access to specific files within the repository, or to grant additional permissions to specific users or groups.

When a user performs a Git action on a file within the repository, Git checks the permission attributes of the repository and the file to determine whether the user has the necessary permissions to perform the action. If the user does not have the necessary permissions, Git will return an error message and the action will not be performed. Otherwise, the action will be carried out and Git will update the repository accordingly.