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To replace or modify a specific block within a theme layout in Hugo, follow these steps:

1. Identify the block you want to modify or replace by examining the theme layout in question. You can locate the layout file in the layouts directory of the theme.

2. Create a new layout file with the same name as the original in the corresponding directory of your site. For example, if the theme layout is located at themes/mytheme/layouts/partials/header.html, create a new file at layouts/partials/header.html in your site.

3. Copy the entire contents of the original layout file into your new file.

4. Modify the contents of the block you want to change. For example, if you want to change the header text of a theme layout, locate the block that contains the header text and replace it with your new text.

5. Save the modified layout file.

6. If necessary, reference the new layout in your site configuration file (config.toml, config.yaml, or config.json). For example, if you modified the header layout, you may need to add the following line to your configuration file:

[params]
header = "partials/header.html" 

This tells Hugo to use your modified header layout instead of the default one from the theme.

1. Test your modifications by rebuilding your site and checking that the changes have been applied to the relevant pages.