What does it mean when a C# project that is referencing a C++ DLL encounters a System.AccessViolationException error indicating an attempt to read or write protected memory?

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This error typically occurs when the C# code attempts to access a memory location that is not allowed, such as when trying to access memory outside of the bounds of an array or when attempting to use a null reference. In this case, the error indicates that the C++ DLL being called is accessing memory that has been protected from access, either for security reasons or because it's being used by other processes. This can happen if the DLL is using unmanaged code which has access to low-level memory management features that are not available in managed code such as C#. It could also be caused by a bug or memory leak in the DLL itself. To fix the issue, the C++ DLL will need to be checked for these issues and any memory access permissions will need to be properly managed.