How can one manipulate dictionaries and lists within dictionaries?

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To manipulate dictionaries and lists within dictionaries, you can use various Python methods and operations. Here are some examples:

1. Adding a new key-value pair to a dictionary:

   my_dict = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': ['value2', 'value3']}
   my_dict['key3'] = 'value4'
   my_dict['key2'].append('value4')
   print(my_dict)
   

   Output:

   {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': ['value2', 'value3', 'value4'], 'key3': 'value4'}
   

2. Updating the value of a key in a dictionary:

   my_dict = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': ['value2', 'value3']}
   my_dict['key1'] = 'new_value'
   my_dict['key2'][0] = 'new_value2'
   print(my_dict)
   

   Output:

   {'key1': 'new_value', 'key2': ['new_value2', 'value3']}
   

3. Removing a key from a dictionary:

   my_dict = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': ['value2', 'value3']}
   del my_dict['key1']
   my_dict['key2'].remove('value2')
   print(my_dict)
   

   Output:

   {'key2': ['value3']}
   

4. Accessing values of a list within a dictionary:

   my_dict = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': ['value2', 'value3']}
   print(my_dict['key2'][0])
   

   Output:

   value2
   

5. Looping through a dictionary with a list:

   my_dict = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': ['value2', 'value3']}
   for key, value in my_dict.items():
       if isinstance(value, list):
           for item in value:
               print(item)
       else:
           print(value)
   

   Output:

   value1
   value2
   value3