How can a Java method be called by its name?

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A Java method can be called by its name using reflection. Reflection is a feature in Java that enables manipulation of objects, classes, fields and methods at runtime. Here's an example of how to call a method by name:

import java.lang.reflect.Method;

public class ExampleClass {
  public void methodToBeCalled() {
    System.out.println("This method was called");
  }

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    try {
      ExampleClass obj = new ExampleClass();
      Method method = obj.getClass().getMethod("methodToBeCalled");
      method.invoke(obj);
    } catch (Exception e) {
      System.err.println(e);
    }
  }
}

In this example, we have a class called ExampleClass which has a method methodToBeCalled. We use reflection to get a reference to this method by name and then call it using the invoke method. The getMethod method takes the method name as its argument and returns a Method object which can be used to call the method. The invoke method takes the object instance on which the method is to be invoked as its first argument and any arguments to be passed to the method as subsequent arguments. In this example, we don't have any arguments to pass, so we just pass the instance of the ExampleClass object.