How can one explicitly define the exceptions that are thrown in C#?

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To explicitly define the exceptions that are thrown in C#, you can use the try-catch block and specify the type of exception that you want to catch. For example:

try {
  // code that may throw an exception
} catch (ArgumentNullException ex) {
  // handle exception specifically for ArgumentNullException
} catch (Exception ex) {
  // handle other exceptions
}

In this example, the first catch block will only catch exceptions of type ArgumentNullException, while the second catch block will catch all other exceptions. You can also create your own custom exceptions by inheriting from the Exception class and defining your own properties and methods.

Here's an example:

public class CustomException : Exception {
  public CustomException(string message) : base(message) { }

  public int ErrorCode { get; set; }

  public void LogException() {
    // custom code to log the exception
  }
}

In this example, we created a custom exception called CustomException that has an ErrorCode property and a LogException method. We can then throw this exception in our code and catch it as we would any other exception:

try {
  throw new CustomException("Something went wrong") {
    ErrorCode = 500
  };
} catch (CustomException ex) {
  Console.WriteLine("Error Code: " + ex.ErrorCode);
  ex.LogException();
} catch (Exception ex) {
  // handle other exceptions
}