How can Nested or Inner Classes be implemented in PHP?

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Nested or inner classes are not directly supported in PHP. However, you can achieve a similar result using anonymous classes.

Here is an example:

class OuterClass {
    public function __construct() {
        $inner = new class {
            public function __construct() {
                echo 'Inner class instance created';
            }
        };

        // Instantiate the inner class
        $inner->__construct();
    }
}

// Instantiate the outer class
$outer = new OuterClass();

In this example, we create an anonymous class inside the OuterClass constructor. This anonymous class serves as the inner class, with its own properties and methods. We can then instantiate the inner class within the OuterClass constructor.

Note that anonymous classes were introduced in PHP 7.0, so they may not be available in older versions of PHP.