How do printf calls contribute to enhanced execution time?

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printf calls contribute to enhanced execution time in two ways:

1. Extra processing time: When printf is called, it needs to format the output and print it on the console. This formatting involves additional processing, which adds to the overall execution time of the program.

2. I/O overhead: Printing to the console requires the operating system to interact with the file system, which adds I/O overhead to the program. This I/O overhead can further increase the total execution time of the program.

Therefore, excessive use of printf calls in a program can lead to slower execution time, especially when dealing with large amounts of data. It is important to use printf calls judiciously and optimize the program to minimize I/O overhead when possible.