How can formatting be applied to an Excel file with MultiIndex using Python and Pandas?

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Formatting in Excel can be applied using Python and Pandas by using the xlsxwriter library. xlsxwriter is a Python module for creating Excel XLSX files and it provides a number of formatting options.

To apply formatting to an Excel file with MultiIndex using Python and Pandas, you can follow these steps:

1. Import the necessary libraries:

import pandas as pd
import xlsxwriter

1. Create a Pandas DataFrame with MultiIndex:

data = {'Month': ['Jan', 'Jan', 'Feb', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Mar'],
        'Region': ['North', 'South', 'North', 'South', 'North', 'South'],
        'Sales': [100, 200, 150, 250, 120, 180]}
df = pd.DataFrame(data)
df.set_index(['Month', 'Region'], inplace=True)

1. Save the DataFrame to an Excel file using xlsxwriter:

# create a writer object
writer = pd.ExcelWriter('multiindex.xlsx', engine='xlsxwriter')

# write the DataFrame to the Excel file
df.to_excel(writer, sheet_name='Sales')

# save the Excel file
writer.save()

1. Format the Excel file using xlsxwriter:

# create a workbook object
workbook = xlsxwriter.Workbook('multiindex.xlsx')

# create a format object for the header row
header_format = workbook.add_format({'bold': True, 'bg_color': 'yellow'})

# create a worksheet object
worksheet = workbook.add_worksheet('Sales')

# write the DataFrame to the worksheet
worksheet.write_string(0, 0, 'Month', header_format)
worksheet.write_string(0, 1, 'Region', header_format)
worksheet.write_string(0, 2, 'Sales', header_format)
for i, (index, row) in enumerate(df.iterrows()):
    worksheet.write_string(i+1, 0, index[0])
    worksheet.write_string(i+1, 1, index[1])
    worksheet.write_number(i+1, 2, row['Sales'])

# auto-fit the columns
worksheet.set_column(0, 2, 12)

# save the workbook
workbook.close()

In this example, we first create a Pandas DataFrame with MultiIndex and save it to an Excel file using xlsxwriter.

Next, we create a workbook object with xlsxwriter and create a format object for the header row. We then create a worksheet object for the Sales sheet and write the DataFrame to the worksheet using xlsxwriter.

Finally, we auto-fit the columns and save the workbook.

The resulting Excel file will have a formatted header row and the columns will be auto-fit for the data.